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Cirsium vulgare
''Cirsium vulgare'' (spear thistle) is a species of the genus ''Cirsium'', native throughout most of Europe (north to 66°N, locally 68°N), Western Asia (east to the Yenisei Valley), and northwestern Africa (Atlas Mountains).〔Interactive Flora of NW Europe: (''Cirsium vulgare'' )〕〔''Flora Europaea'': (''Cirsium vulgare'' )〕〔Den Virtuella Floran: (''Cirsium vulgare'' ) (in Swedish, with maps)〕〔(Altervista Flora Italiana, Cardo asinino, ''Cirsium vulgare'' (Savi) Ten. )〕〔(Flora of China, 翼蓟 yi ji, ''Cirsium vulgare'' (Savi) Tenore )〕 It is also naturalised in North America, Africa, and Australia and is as an invasive weed in some areas.〔(Flora of North America, Bull or common or spear thistle, gros chardon, chardon vulgaire ou lancéolé, piqueux, ''Cirsium vulgare'' (Savi) Tenore )〕〔(Atlas of Living Australia, ''Cirsium vulgare'' (Savi) Ten., Black Thistle )〕〔(Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute, African Plant Database, ''Cirsium vulgare'' (Savi) Ten. )〕 It is the national flower of Scotland.
==Description==
It is a tall biennial or short-lived monocarpic thistle, forming a rosette of leaves and a taproot up to 70 cm long in the first year, and a flowering stem 1–1.5 m tall in the second (rarely third or fourth) year. The stem is winged, with numerous longitudinal spine-tipped wings along its full length. The leaves are stoutly spined, grey-green, deeply lobed; the basal leaves up to 15–25 cm long, with smaller leaves on the upper part of the flower stem; the leaf lobes are spear-shaped (from which the English name derives). The inflorescence is 2.5–5 cm diameter, pink-purple, with all the florets of similar form (no division into disc and ray florets). The seeds are 5 mm long, with a downy pappus, which assists in wind dispersal. As in other species of ''Cirsium'' (but unlike species in the related genus ''Carduus''), the pappus hairs are feathery with fine side hairs.〔〔Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). ''Flora of Britain and Northern Europe''. ISBN 0-340-40170-2〕〔Bond, W., Davies, G., & Turner, R. J. (2007). The biology and non-chemical control Spear Thistle (''Cirsium vulgare''). 6pp. HDRA the organic organisation. (Fulltext )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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